Palm Steakhouse Courtroom Brawl Tears Founding Family Apart

The history of West Palm Beach, Florida, began more than than 5,000 years ago with the inflow of the get-go aboriginal natives. Native American tribes such as the Jaegas inhabited the area. Though command of Florida changed amidst Espana, England, the The states, and the Amalgamated States of America, the area remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century. Past the 1870s and 1880s, not-Native American settlers had inhabited areas in the vicinity of W Palm Embankment and referred to the settlement every bit "Lake Worth Country". However, the population remained very pocket-sized until the arrival of Henry Flagler in the 1890s. Flagler constructed hotels and resorts in Palm Beach to create a travel destination for affluent tourists, who could travel there via his railroad beginning in 1894.

Flagler originally intended for West Palm Beach to serve as a residential surface area for the workers at his hotels in Palm Beach. In 1893, George W. Potter surveyed and platted the original 48 blocks of the city. Westward Palm Embankment would be incorporated as a town on November 5, 1894, before becoming a city in 1903. Upon the establishment of Palm Embankment Canton in 1909, Westward Palm Embankment received the designation of canton seat. The city developed much more rapidly during the 1920s state blast, which saw a nearly four-fold increase in population between 1920 and 1927 and the construction of many of the metropolis'south historical buildings and neighborhoods. Nevertheless, the 1928 hurricane – which devastated the city – and cease of the land nail ushered the expanse into an era of economic decline just prior to the onset of the Great Low.

West Palm Beach experienced an economic rebound in the post-World War 2 years, equally veterans who trained at Morrison Field vacationed or relocated to the area. The city also markedly expanded westward in the 1950s and 1960s, with thousands of acres of wetlands drained and filled. In the latter decade, a municipal stadium, auditorium, and mall were congenital on the newly drained and filled state. Commercial development due west of the original metropolis boundaries led to urban decay in downtown by the 1980s. However, the adornment of Clematis Street beginning in the early 1990s, and the opening of CityPlace in 2000 led to a revitalized downtown area. In 2018, the United States Demography Bureau estimated that the city had a population of 111,398.^[1]

Prior to incorporation (before November 1894) [edit]

Estimate territory of the Jaegas in the late 17th century

Archaeological prove suggests that the Jaegas settled in modern-day Palm Beach County as many as 5,000 years ago. The get-go contact between Native Americans in the surface area and Europeans occurred in 1519 upon Juan Ponce de León'southward landfall at the Jupiter Inlet.^[2] Europeans found a thriving native population, the Mayaimi in the Lake Okeechobee Basin, while the Jaegas and Ais resided east of Lake Okeechobee and along the east coast north of the Tequestas. When the Spanish arrived, there were perhaps about twenty,000 Native Americans in Due south Florida. The native peoples had all but been wiped out through war, enslavement, or European diseases, by the time the English gained control of Florida in 1763.^[3] Other native people from Alabama and Georgia moved into Florida in the early 18th century. They were of varied ancestry, merely Europeans chosen them all Creeks. In Florida, they were known as the Seminole and Miccosukee Indians. American settlers and Seminoles fought against each other due to land and escaped slaves, who were granted protection by the Seminoles. They resisted the regime's efforts to move them to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi. The Seminoles and the United States regime fought with each other in three wars betwixt 1818 and 1858. By the stop of the third state of war, very few Seminoles remained in Florida.^[four]

The area that was to get W Palm Beach was settled in the late 1870s and 1880s by a few hundred settlers who chosen the vicinity "Lake Worth Country".^[5] These settlers were a diverse community from different parts of the United States and the world.^[5] They included founding families such every bit the Potters and the Lainharts, who would keep to become leading members of the business customs in the fledgling city.^[6] Irving R. Henry filed the showtime homestead claim in 1880, claiming 131 acres (53 ha). Henry would later sell the state to Captain O. South. Porter.^[vii] The beginning non-Native American settlers in Palm Embankment County resided around Lake Worth, – an enclosed freshwater lake at the time – named after Colonel William Jenkins Worth, who served in the Second Seminole State of war in 1842.^[viii] Reverend Elbridge Gale and his son are believed to have constructed the first log motel on the western shore of Lake Worth, located near where the intersection of 29th Street and Poinsettia Avenue stands today.^[nine] Most settlers engaged in the growing of tropical fruits and vegetables for shipment to the northward via Lake Worth and the Indian River.^[ten]

Map of West Palm Beach in 1893

In 1890, the U.s.a. Census counted over 200 people settled along Lake Worth in the vicinity of what would become Due west Palm Beach.^[xi] The expanse at this time also boasted a hotel, the "Cocoanut House", a church building, and a mail office.^[5] Henry Flagler, who was instrumental to Palm Beach County'south development in the late 19th century and early 20th century, starting time visited in 1892, describing the area as a "veritable paradise".^[12] The beginning newspaper in the area, The Gazetteer, began publication in 1893, simply the newspaper ceased printing issues after burning in a downtown burn in 1896.^[13] Additionally, West Palm Beach's first concern, Lainhart and Potter Lumber Company, and the showtime banking company, Dade County State Banking concern, were both established in 1893. That year, Flagler began planning a city to house the employees working in the two grand hotels on the neighboring island of Palm Beach.^[11]

Flagler paid two area settlers, Porter and Louie Hillhouse, a combined sum of $45,000 for the original town site. Flagler hired George W. Potter, Dade County's offset surveyor, to set aside 48 blocks for development stretching from Clear Lake to Lake Worth, an area that would later on get West Palm Beach.^[6] The east-to-due west oriented streets were named alphabetically from northward to south – Althea, Banyan, Clematis, Datura, Evernia, Fern – while some of the north-to-south roads were called Lantana, Narcissus, Olive, Poinsettia, Rosemary, and Tamarind. Most of these names are nonetheless used today.^[fourteen] Over in Palm Embankment, construction began on the Royal Poinciana Hotel on May 1, 1893.^[12] The lots in Due west Palm Beach were auctioned off in the ballroom of the Royal Poinciana on February 4, 1894,^[15] one calendar week before the hotel opened for business organisation.^[16] In belatedly March, Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway reached W Palm Beach.^[12]

Incorporation and early years (November 1894 to 1909) [edit]

On Nov v, 1894, residents met at the "Calaboose", which served as the kickoff jail and police force station. The building formerly stood at Clematis Street and Poinsettia, at present Dixie Highway. The 78 people in that location voted on a motion to comprise, with 77 in favor and 1 against. They besides decided to name the municipality "West Palm Beach", originally a boondocks.^[17] This fabricated Due west Palm Beach the beginning incorporated municipality in the county and in Southeast Florida.^[18] On the post-obit twenty-four hours, 78 people also met to vote on the new town officers. Voters elected John S. Earman as the commencement mayor, while Henry J. Burkhardt, East. H. Dimick, J. Yard. Garland, H. T. Grant, J. F. Lamond, and George Zapf became the town's outset aldermen. Eli Sims and West. Fifty. Tolbert were chosen to be town clerk and town marshal, respectively.^[19] Later in November 1894, the Flagler Alerts, an all-volunteer fire department, was established equally the first fire section in the city.^[fifteen]

Although Flagler intended the Due west Palm Beach surface area to exist the southern terminus of his railroad, the track began extending farther southward to Miami after 2 severe freezes in the winter of 1894–95. The Weather Bureau role, and then located in Jupiter, recorded temperatures of 24 and 27 °F (−iv and −three °C) on December 29, 1894, and February 9, 1895, respectively. Though the railroad continued due south to Miami and eventually to Central West,^[twenty] Flagler and his workers continued edifice structures in the early on years of Palm Embankment and West Palm Beach. Completion of a railroad bridge across Lake Worth in 1895 allowed passengers to directly reach Palm Embankment from W Palm Embankment.^[7]

Clematis Street in the early 1900s

At the V-shaped separate at the eastward end of Clematis Street, "City Park" (later known every bit Flagler Park) was constructed, which contained a bandstand, a field for impromptu baseball games, and by 1896, a gratuitous "reading room". Ii large fires devastated downtown West Palm Embankment in early 1896.^[7] On Jan two, an overheated stove at Midway Plaisance Saloon and Restaurant resulted in a fire that spread across all of Banyan Street. The next fire occurred on Feb xx, ignited after a man accidentally knocked over an oil lamp. Much of Narcissus Street burned, including the building housing The Gazetteer, which never resumed publication.^[21] The fire led to stricter edifice codes, with structures required to be made of bricks.^[7] Wilmon Whilldin, who served equally mayor from 1898 to 1899, led a transition away from tents and shanty homes. He as well emphasized the importance of more dwellings, parks, shade trees, and sanitation.^[22]

Past the turn of the century, West Palm Beach had electric and telephone service, a library, a sewer system, a pumping station, and paved roads. The 1900 Demography indicated a population of 564. The library was established that year.^[seven] Charles John Clarke, owner of the Palm Beach Yacht Club, donated the two-story building to be used as the library. Other donations allowed the building to exist transported beyond the Lake Worth Lagoon via barge. The building replaced the reading room at Metropolis Park.^[23] Past 1903, the town council submitted a city charter to the Florida Legislature, which was approved on July 21.^[7]

Independence Solar day parade on Narcissus Avenue, 1908

In September, a hurricane made landfall nearly Fort Lauderdale. As inclement weather conditions began arriving in West Palm Beach, businesses suspended their normal operations and people boarded upwardly buildings, fifty-fifty as strong winds arrived. Many buildings lost their roofs, and much droppings, including roofing materials, branches, paper, and driftwood, littered the streets. As northeast winds reached their superlative late on September 11 and early on September 12, parts of buildings blew away. In African-American section of the urban center, several buildings were destroyed. Simply one of the 4 churches stood after the hurricane.^[24] Despite the hurricane, the city continued to grow, with newer businesses and more people arriving.^[vii]

Banyan Street, originally the simply location where alcohol was sold, gained an infamous reputation for its brothels, gambling halls, and saloons, which included an incident in 1895 in which Mayor Earman was arrested and charged with public intoxication while accompanying a prostitute. He was acquitted of the charges.^[25] By 1904, some local women chosen Carrie Nation, a radical temperance motion member notorious for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet. All the same, there is no indication of her ravaging the saloons on Banyan Street. During the following years, the route'south continuously poor reputation resulted in information technology being renamed Offset Street in 1925, which was reverted to Banyan Street in 1989.^[25] The city's commencement fire department building and city hall opened in 1905 at the northeast corner of Datura Street and Poinsetta Street (modern day U.S. Route i, also known as Dixie Highway). In 1909, Palm Beach County was formed past the Florida State Legislature, carved out of the northern portion of Dade County. West Palm Embankment became the county seat. That same year, the West Palm Beach Telephone Company, the expanse's showtime phone service, was incorporated with 65 customers.^[vii]

1910–1927 [edit]

The Palm Beach County Courthouse in 1916

According to the 1910 Us Demography, the population of W Palm Beach was one,743. Prior to the 1910s, many African Americans in the area lived in a segregated department of Palm Beach called the "Styx",^[7] with an estimated population of ii,000 at its superlative. However, between 1910 and 1912, African Americans were evicted from the Styx. Urban legend states that the Styx was burned down by Flager's white laborers, as the shanty town was viewed equally an eyesore. Nevertheless, there is much evidence to refute this theory.^[26] About of the displaced residents relocated to the northern end of W Palm Embankment, in neighborhoods today known as Northwest, Pleasant City, and Freshwater.^[seven]

After the passage of the Dick Human activity in 1903, Florida became the first country to establish its own National Guard. In 1914, a unit was established in West Palm Beach. Personnel from this unit of measurement were deployed to the United mexican states–United States border from July 1916 to March 1917 and for service in Europe in October 1917.^[7]

In 1916, a neo-classical county courthouse was opened. Prior to the opening of the courthouse, county business was conducted at a school building located at Clematis Avenue and Poinsettia Street.^[7] The building underwent renovations in the 1950s and 1960s.^[27] Information technology was used as the county courthouse until a new courthouse opened in 1995. The Board of Canton Commissioners agreed in 2002 to return the historic courthouse to its original blueprint. Restoration was completed in March 2008 at a cost of but over $18 million. Today, the original courthouse houses the Historical Society of Palm Beach County and the Richard and Pat Johnson Palm Beach Canton History Museum.^[28]

The Palm Beach Mail became a daily newspaper in January 1916, after publishing weekly editions since its founding in 1909. Based in West Palm Beach, the paper is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the county.^[29] As of November 2017, The Palm Beach Mail ranked every bit the fifth largest newspaper by circulation in the state of Florida, behind merely the Miami Herald, Sun-Sentry, Orlando Lookout man, and Tampa Bay Times.^[30]

The Westward Palm Beach Canal opened in 1917. The canal stretched from the Lake Worth Lagoon westward to Twenty Mile Bend and so northwestward to Culvert Point, where it enters Lake Okeechobee. The canal lowered Lake Okeechobee and allowed state to exist tuckered for agronomics, while too allowing easier transportation of crops to the coast. The urban center capitalized on this development and built a new culvert co-operative and dock facilities, boat slips, a turning basin, and warehouses. Westward Palm Beach soon became the county'south shopping center for pineapple, sugar pikestaff, and winter vegetables.^[7]

Past the 1910s, a movement to transition to a council–manager regime gained enough momentum to allow a vote in 1919. Under the proposal, the citizens would elect members of the urban center council, who would in turn select the mayor. On August 29, 1919, voters approved the proposal past 201–82. The proposal too called for a primary for the election of urban center commissioners to exist held inside three weeks. The rules for the primary stated the top 3 vote-getters were elected to the city council.^[31] David F. Dunkle became the offset mayor under this organisation, with his inauguration occurring on September 22, 1919.^[32]

Although construction slowed dramatically during Earth War I, West Palm Beach and the state of Florida, unlike nigh of the nation, was not striking equally hard by the Post–World War I recession, as the completion of major roadways such as Dixie Highway and the milder climate attracted center-class tourists. Investors and realtors heavily promoted living and vacationing in Florida. The city grew rapidly in the 1920s as office of the Florida state boom. The population of Westward Palm Embankment quadrupled from 1920 to 1927, coupled with pregnant growth in businesses and public services. Property values also rose significantly, from $xiii.6 million in 1920 to $61 million in 1925.^[7]

The unabridged city east of Australian Avenue had been platted by the 1920s. Many of the city's landmark structures and preserved neighborhoods were constructed during this catamenia. For instance, during this fourth dimension, the Harvey and Clarke architectural firm – formed by Henry Stephen Harvey (the Mayor of West Palm Beach from 1924 to 1926) and Fifty. Philips Clarke in 1921 – designed several structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Alfred J. Comeau Firm, American National Bank Edifice, Comeau Building, Dixie Court Hotel (demolished in 1990), Guaranty Building and Pine Ridge Hospital. Several waterfront hotels were built in the 1920s, including the Regal Palm, El Verano, and Pennsylvania. Other notable projects constructed during this era included Expert Samaritan Hospital, the Seaboard Airline Railroad Station.^[7] Additionally, the urban center opened its start permanent library on January 26, 1924, named the Memorial Library in laurels of those who died during Globe War I.^[33]

1928–1939 [edit]

Damage in West Palm Embankment

The 1928 Okeechobee hurricane devastated Due west Palm Embankment. The city observed at to the lowest degree 10 in (250 mm) of rainfall.^[34] Among the buildings destroyed included a furniture store, pharmacy, warehouse, hotel, schoolhouse, and an ironworks, while many other structures were unroofed.^[35] All of the theaters in the city suffered severe damage or destruction.^[36] Skylights at the county courthouse shattered, flooding the Criminal Courtroom of Tape rooms.^[37] Similarly, winds shattered a skylight at city hall, damaging bookkeeper records.^[38] Wood-frame buildings fared poorly, while the few concrete-built structures remained standing.^[39] Only ane business organisation on Clematis Street escaped serious damage.^[38] Because the hospital was partially destroyed, a temporary hospital was set up in the Pennsylvania Hotel.^[40] However, the hotel itself was damaged; the chimney crashed through fourteen floors, causing about $60,000 in impairment.^[41] The fire station also complanate, though the burn down bong remained intact.^[42] At the city library, more than half of the books were destroyed and the floor was covered with about 2 ft (0.61 grand) of water and mud.^[43]

Damage at the Dixie Court Apartments

Banyan Boulevard (and then known as First Street), considered the auto row of Westward Palm Embankment, was reduced to "a mass of debris".^[44] Only 2 buildings remained standing on the north side of the street between Dixie Highway and Olive Avenue, owing to the frail construction of the business buildings in that department of the city.^[45] The buildings used past The Palm Embankment Mail and the Palm Embankment Times suffered severe damage, though both companies were able to publish newspapers with petty suspension.^{[46] [47] [48]} The Fundamental Farmers Trust Company, the only bank in the urban center, was deroofed and flooded.^[42] The Comeau Edifice suffered severe damage to its roof tiles.^[49] Prior to the storm, the American Legion building was designated every bit the headquarters for the Red Cross, but the edifice was severely damaged, forcing the Ruddy Cross to gear up its relief post at another edifice.^[45] At Palm Embankment High School, and so located where the Dreyfoos School of the Arts stands today, the clock tower collapsed.^[l] The storm deroofed most buildings at Saint Ann's Catholic Church,^[51] while Bradley Hall Towers suffered total devastation.^[52] At Flamingo Park, 1 of the worst hit areas of the city, many homes suffered "untold harm", while a shopping center on Lake Avenue experienced near complete destruction. In contrast, the El Cid and Northwood neighborhoods more often than not experienced but superficial impact. Fallen pino copse blocked many streets in Vedado. At Bacon Park, the surface area w of Parker Avenue was desolate. The storm also destroyed the 50. Van Son Business firm, proclaimed as "one of the about unusual landmarks".^[53]

Destruction south of the courthouse

Many homes also experienced impairment in the African-American department of the metropolis, where about dwellings were built of discarded material. On i street, merely 2 houses did not lose either their walls or roof. Strong winds tossed cars and walls downwardly the streets. During the tempest, almost 100 people ran to a trash incinerator, a concrete-reinforced building.^[54] The local Blackness churches suffered significant damage. Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church building lost many bricks on its front facade, much of the metal grillwork around the entrances,^[48] and its roof.^[55] Payne Chapel AME Church was destroyed by the storm, while St. Patrick'south Catholic Church received about $40,000 in impairment.^[56] Waves done up mounds of sand and debris across Banyan Boulevard, Clematis Street, and Datura Street, to Olive Artery.^[39] Co-ordinate to county coroner T. K. Rickards, the streets were "shoulder-deep in debris. The suffering throughout was beyond words."^[34] Throughout the city, the storm destroyed ane,711 homes and damaged six,369 others, leaving nigh two,100 families homeless. Additionally, the hurricane demolished 268 businesses and impacted 490 others.^[35] In all, damage totaled approximately $thirteen.eight million and 11 deaths occurred.^{[35] [46]}

Farther inland, the hurricane is believed to have killed at least two,500 people in cities just southeast of Lake Okeechobee, especially in Bean City, Belle Glade, Chosen, Pahokee, and Due south Bay.^[57] Afterward the storm, at least 743 bodies were brought to West Palm Beach for burial. Due to racial segregation, all but viii of the victims that received a proper burial at Woodlawn Cemetery were white. The remaining 674 bodies who were black or of an unidentifiable race were mass cached at a site nigh the junction of 25th Street and Tamarind Artery, which was the city's paupers' cemetery. After the burials were complete, Mayor Vincent Oaksmith proclaimed an hour of mourning on October ane for those who died during the storm. At the pauper'south cemetery, a funeral service was hosted by several local clergymen and attended past nigh iii,000 people, including educator Mary McLeod Bethune. A memorial was placed at Woodlawn Cemetery in retentiveness of the victims of the storm, but no such marker was placed at the pauper'due south cemetery.^[58]

The economic turn down and the storm combined caused farther skepticism among potential investors and buyers of state in the surface area. As a result, property values plummeted. During the end of the 1920s, several banks and hotels throughout the county declared bankruptcy or were sold to new owners, Palm Beach Banking company and Trust. In October 1929, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred, initiating the Great Depression. Real estate costs in Westward Palm Beach dropped 53 percent to $41.vi million between 1929 and 1930 and further to but $eighteen.two one thousand thousand by 1935. Twelve banks failed in Palm Embankment Canton by 1930. However, houses continued to be constructed by the private sector.^[15] Also in despite of the economic turmoil, the population continued to increase, admitting at a far slower rate than the previous decades. Betwixt 1920 and 1930, the urban center'southward population went from viii,659 to 26,610, a 207.3% increase. However, from 1930 to 1940, the population of the city increased from 26,610 to 33,693, or 26.6%.^[59]

In 1933, Palm Beach Inferior Higher (PBJC) was established in West Palm Beach at Palm Beach High School, which is now Dreyfoos School of the Arts, condign the first inferior college in Florida. County schoolhouse superintendent Joe Youngblood and Palm Embankment High School chief Howell Watkins were instrumental in founding the college. Watkins was selected to be the higher's showtime dean. Initially, the college'south goal was to provide boosted preparation to local high school graduates who were unable to observe jobs during the Great Low. The higher would move out of its original edifice in 1948 and later to its current primary campus in Lake Worth in 1956. PBJC eventually expanded to v campuses – Belle Glade (1972), Boca Raton (1983),^[lx] Loxahatchee Groves (2017),^[61] and Palm Beach Gardens (1980). The college was renamed Palm Beach Community Higher in 1988 so Palm Embankment Country Higher in 2010.^[lx]

Afterward learning to wing an plane in 1932, Grace Morrison began an endeavor to gain back up for a public airdrome in Palm Embankment County. Structure began in the mid 1930s and costed about $180,000 to build. Morrison died in a car accident in Titusville a few months before the drome opened in 1936. In its early on years, the drome was called Morrison Field in her accolade. The inaugural flight from Morrison Field was piloted by Dick Merrill. Due to poor weather condition atmospheric condition in Pennsylvania, the plane had to crash land near Matamoras.^[62] Also in 1936, WJNO-AM 1290 (so WJNO - 1230 AM) signed on, becoming W Palm Beach's commencement radio station.^[63]

1940–1979 [edit]

During Earth State of war II, Florida's long coastline became vulnerable to attack. German U-boats sank dozens of merchant ships and oil tankers only off the coast of Palm Embankment, which was under black out conditions to minimize nighttime visibility to German U-boats. The U.S. Army Air Corps (a precursor of the United States Air Force) established an Air Send Command mail service at Morrison Field. The army constructed barracks, hangars, and other buildings to back up virtually 3,000 soldiers. Throughout the class of the war, over 45,000 pilots trained or flew out of the command mail service, many in grooming for the Normandy landings. The 313th Material Squadron was moved from Miami Municipal Airport to Morrison Field in April 1942, with approximately i,000 men working around the clock in order to repair and examination aircraft before they were put into service. In 1947, Morrison Field was deactivated and returned to the possession of Palm Beach County.^[65] Morrison Field was renamed Palm Beach International Airport (PBIA) later on that year.^[66]

Late on Baronial 26, 1949, a Category 4 hurricane made landfall in Lake Worth.^[67] In Westward Palm Beach, the hurricane produced sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) and gusts up to 130 mph (210 km/h) at PBIA.^[68] The airport itself suffered well-nigh $ane million in harm, with several hangars destroyed and 16 planes ruined and 5 others affected. Additionally, 15 C-46s suffered damage.^[69] Throughout Westward Palm Beach, about 2,000 homes out of almost seven,000 in the city were damaged. It was estimated that the hurricane caused more than $4 million in damage in West Palm Embankment.^[70]

As a result of the Korean War, PBIA again became a military post in 1951. Temporarily renamed Palm Beach Air Force Base,^[71] nearly 23,000 Air Force personnel trained at the base during the Korean War. The federal regime proposed keeping Palm Embankment Air Force Base of operations equally a permanent military machine facility, but ultimately decided to return information technology to Palm Beach County control in 1959, and the proper noun was reverted to Palm Embankment International Drome.^[72]

The 1950s saw some other boom in population, partly due to the return of many soldiers and airmen who had served or trained in the surface area during Earth War II. Besides, the advent of air conditioning encouraged growth, as twelvemonth-round living in a tropical climate became more than acceptable to northerners. West Palm Beach became the nation's fourth fastest growing metropolitan areas during the 1950s; the urban center's borders spread due west of Armed forces Trail and south to Lake Clarke Shores.^[73] Between 1949 and 1962, property values rose from $72 million to $147.5 million, while the population in 1950 was 43,612 and increased almost xxx% by 1960. In 1955, using a $18 1000000 bail issue, the City of West Palm Embankment upgraded its sewer system and purchased the water treatment plant (then owned by Henry Flagler'south estate) and land to the west of the city's boundaries, including 20 sq mi (52 km²) of wetlands (from Flagler Water Systems) and an additional 17,000 acres (6,900 ha) of land previously endemic by Flagler'south Model Land Company.^[74]

Near 2 year later, the urban center sold virtually 5,500 acres (2,200 ha) of that country for $4.35 million to Perini Corporation of Massachusetts president Louis R. Perini, Sr. In order to transform the wetlands into dry land, Perini hired Gee and Jensen Engineers, who used approximately 30,000,000 cubic yards (23,000,000 g³) of fill to complete the job. Perini synthetic the Roosevelt Estates neighborhood for eye grade African-Americans. Additionally, Perini changed the name of 12th Street to Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard and extended information technology westward. The road was curved southwestward to eventually connect with Okeechobee Boulevard. Perini would also construct the first section of Interstate 95 in Palm Embankment County in 1966, from Okeechobee Boulevard to 45th Street.^[74]

The Palm Beach Mall in 1967

In the 1960s, Perini sold much of the country dorsum to the city of West Palm Beach. The city, in plow, built West Palm Beach Municipal Stadium in 1963, the W Palm Beach Auditorium in 1965, and the Palm Embankment Mall in 1967. On October 26, 1967, the Palm Beach Mall opened along Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard between Interstate 95 and Congress Avenue. The opening ceremony included a ribbon-cutting by Governor Claude Kirk, Mayor Reid Moore Jr., and Miss United states of america 1967 winner Cheryl Patton. Almost forty,000 visited the mall on its opening twenty-four hour period. Upon opening, the mall independent 87 stores over a 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 yard^two) area. The mall gradually began to draw businesses and patrons away from downtown, especially when Burdines left downtown in 1979.^[75]

The 1950s and 1960s likewise saw the opening of the Palm Embankment Zoo (and then known equally the Dreher Park Zoo) in 1957 and the South Florida Science Center and Aquarium in 1961.^{[76] [77]} The first shopping plaza in Palm Beach County, the Palm Declension Plaza, opened in 1959 forth Dixie Highway most the city's southern boundary.^[74] At the time, it was considered "the largest and nigh complete shopping center betwixt Miami and Jacksonville".^[78] The city of West Palm Beach opened a new library at the east end of Clematis Street on April 30, 1962, to replace the Memorial Library.^[79] In 1968, Palm Beach Atlantic University (PBA), an accredited, private Christian university, began at a downtown local church building,^[80] before opening a campus in the 1980s.^[81]

On Jan nineteen, 1977, West Palm Embankment recorded its first always snowfall result, as part of a cold wave episode.^[82] Snow brutal between six:x a.m. and 8:forty a.yard., merely inappreciably any aggregating was measured, equally the snow nearly immediately melted or was blown away after touchdown.^[83] PBIA also recorded temperatures as low as 27 °F (−iii °C).^[82]

1980–1999 [edit]

By the 1980s, downtown West Palm Embankment had become notorious for crime, poverty, and vacant and battered businesses and houses. Then-Usa Senator Lawton Chiles referred to the area as a "war zone" during his visit in September 1987, while local politicians were non optimistic about the future of downtown. The city had the highest offense rate for a urban center of its size in the tardily 1980s. Crack U.s.a.: Canton Under Siege, a 1989 documentary pic about the crack epidemic, was filmed in West Palm Beach.^[84]

In 1986, individual investors David C. Paladino and Henry J. Rolfs presented a 20-twelvemonth, $433 million project to revitalize the western side of downtown. The proposal included plans 3,700,000 sq ft (340,000 g^two) for offices, 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m²) for retail stores, 800 hotel rooms, and 700 housing units.^[85] Paladino and Rolfs purchased and razed properties across 77 acres (31 ha) of country – more than than 300 backdrop^[86] – adjacent to Okeechobee Boulevard for well-nigh $40 million,^[85] with the exception of First United Methodist Church building, which after became the Harriet Himmel Theater.^[86] The duo donated 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land for development of the Kravis Center for the Performing Arts, which opened in 1992.^[86] However, by the early 1990s, the project was discontinued after Rolfs exhausted his personal fortune and due to defaulted loans, foreclosures, lawsuits, and a recession.^[84]

Subsequently several decades under the Council–manager government, public opinion shifted in favor of electing a stiff mayor and having a mayor–council government past the early 1990s. Under i proposal, the mayor would exist elected to a four-year term and exist eligible for re-election once, the city managing director and mayor would share administrative duties, and the mayor would receive the power to veto commission votes, which could be overridden by a iv–1 vote. Additionally, the mayor would be authorized to line-item veto the upkeep, initiate investigations, and supervise contracts and purchases involving more than $5,000.^[87] After a successful petition bulldoze, this proposal would be listed on the ballot as Question 2. In response, the urban center commission submitted Question i, which effectively added a weak mayor. In this proposal, the difference versus Question 2 is that the city manager would retain authoritative potency, the mayor would vote with city commissioners only in the issue of a necktie, and the mayor could not veto votes by the urban center committee.^[88] In the referendum for mayor, voters were required to vote yes or no on Question 1 and Question ii. If both received a bulk of yeah votes, the question with more votes passed. The election was held on March 12, 1991. Both propositions received a bulk of the votes. Question ane received two,944 yes votes versus 2,665no votes, a margin of 52.6%–47.4%. Question 2 passed past a margin of 65.vii%–34.3% and a vote total of iii,779–1,972. Therefore, Question two prevailed, allowing citizens of West Palm Beach to directly elect a stiff mayor.^[89]

The first general election for Mayor of West Palm Embankment since the late 1910s occurred on Nov v, 1991. Candidates included chaser and quondam state representative Joel T. Daves, city senior planner Jim Exline, Nancy Yard. Graham,^[xc] Josephine Stenson Grund,^[91] property management company owner Michael D. Hyman, and quondam Palm Embankment Canton commissioner Bill Medlen. Graham and Hyman received 34.3% and 24.9% of the vote, respectively, allowing them to advance to a run-off election held on November 19.^[90] Graham defeated Hyman by a margin of 55.8%–44.2%. She was sworn-in as the city'south first strong mayor on Nov 21.^[92]

During the campaign, Graham vowed for improvements to downtown.^[92] Much of the renovations in downtown began later on a $18.two million bond was issued to the city in October 1992, with $4 million allotted to the waterfront.^[93] Among the first projects was a beautification of Clematis Street, which was complete in Dec 1993. Over the previous six months, benches, sidewalks, and trees were replaced. The projection resulted in several businesses moving to Clematis Street.^[94] Architect Dan Kiley was hired for several of the waterfront projects, including edifice an amphitheater, remodeling the library, and designing an interactive water fountain at Flagler Park.^[95]

The Harriet Himmel Theatre, which serves as the centerpiece for Rosemary Square

The plan for building the amphitheater would crave the metropolis to spend about $1 one thousand thousand for structure, every bit well as $171,400 for the sabotage of a Vacation Inn. The building was called because it had remained vacant and gutted since 1986, while plans for reselling or remodeling the edifice for a different utilize brutal through. A nearby bank agreed to finance most of the toll of purchasing the building, allowing the urban center to learn the hotel for only $ane,000.^[93] Controlled Demolition, Inc. was hired for the sabotage, which was scheduled for December 31, 1993, most x seconds before midnight.^[96] More than 20,000 people attended the explosion event, which was triggered by about 300 sticks of dynamite.^[97] Graham sold $25 tickets for a close-up view of the explosion. Revenue from tickets and donations totaled well-nigh $1 million.^[98]

Among the most ambitious efforts to rejuvenate economical action in downtown Westward Palm Beach was CityPlace. After the metropolis reacquired the country formerly proposed for the Downtown/Uptown project by eminent domain and a multi-million dollar loan in 1995, the city began appealing to large architectural firms to develop the site.^[86] Of the three proposed bid, the city commission chose CityPlace by a vote of 5–1 on October 9, 1996.^[99] The $375 million project called for an 18 to 24 screen picture palace and a number of restaurants, upscale stores, apartments, and role buildings,^[100] all centered around the historical Start United Methodist Church building,^[99] which later became the Harriet Himmel Theatre.^[86] Overall, about 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 one thousand²) of state development was approved. In return, the city agreed to invest $75 million for construction of streets, parking garages, and plazas,^[99] with $xx meg already borrowed for purchasing land. Construction began in 1998, with stores expected to open in November 1999,^[100] though CityPlace would actually open in October 2000.^[101]

2000–nowadays [edit]

Protests outside the Palm Embankment Canton Emergency Operations Eye in West Palm Embankment, where ballots were recounted during the 2000 election

CityPlace opened to the public on Oct 27, 2000, with 31 stores and one restaurant opening during the first weekend. Barnes & Noble, Macy'due south, and a Muvico Parisian twenty and IMAX theater served equally the original anchors.^[102] The initial focus of CityPlace involved attracting many high-end stores as tenants, though accent shifted to home furnishings during the housing bubble. By the Bully Recession, the scope turned heavily toward dining and amusement establishments becoming tenants.^[103] Related Companies re-branded CityPlace equally "Rosemary Square" in April 2019. The company intends to transform Rosemary Foursquare from a lifestyle center to a more than urban-like surround, using $550 million to construct new restaurants, a new mixed-use luxury residential tower, a new hotel, and an office belfry containing 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m²) of space. Some asphalt roads were replaced with grayness and white pavers and converted to create more pedestrian-walking space.^[104]

As the county seat of Palm Beach County, West Palm Embankment entered the national spotlight during the 2000 presidential election.^[105] Co-ordinate to the results officially certified past Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris, George W. Bush very narrowly carried the state of Florida over Al Gore – by 537 votes. Both candidates needed to win the state of Florida in order to secure at least 270 balloter votes, and thereby prevail in the presidential ballot.^[106] The close results and Palm Beach County'south controversial butterfly ballot led to a notorious recount.^[105] Amidst those serving on the canvassing board included former West Palm Embankment mayor Carol Roberts.^[107] Ultimately, the Us Supreme Court decided in Bush 5. Gore on December 12, 2000, that Harris's tally would stand up, application Bush the 25 balloter votes of Florida and the presidential election.^[106]

Electric current West Palm Beach City Hall, opened in March 2009

In 2004 and 2005, several tropical cyclones impacted Palm Beach County, including hurricanes Frances, Jeanne, and Wilma.^[105] West Palm Beach was afflicted most by Hurricane Wilma in October 2005, with the heart passing straight over the city at Category 2 intensity. Wilma produced hurricane-forcefulness winds and gusts up to 101 mph (163 km/h) at the Palm Beach International Airport.^[108] Throughout the city, 1,194 businesses suffered minor damage and 105 others experienced severe bear on, while one was destroyed.^[109] A full of half dozen,036 homes received some degree of impairment from the storm, while 16 were completely demolished. Additionally, twenty city regime buildings were damaged. Overall, damage in W Palm Beach totaled approximately $425.8 million, with $267.iv million in damage to businesses, $153.1 meg to residences, and $5.3 1000000 to public property.^[110]

In the spring of 2009, City Eye opened for business at the corner of Clematis Street and Dixie Highway. Constructed at a cost of approximately $154 million, the complex included a new library and city hall, while several metropolis departments relocated to the complex.^[111] The city opened the Mandel Public Library of W Palm Embankment on April thirteen, 2009 at Metropolis Center, replacing the original library at the east end of Clematis Street.^[112] The original library was demolished afterward that twelvemonth for construction of a waterfront park and pavilion, which opened to the public in February 2010.^[113] The Mandel Public Library is approximately ii.5 times larger than the sometime library.^[114] The library currently circulates more than 800,000 items and has over 100,000 registered carte holders.^[115]

Aerial photograph looking northwestward beyond W Palm Beach (November 2014)

The 2010 United states of america Census counted a population of 99,919 people in Due west Palm Beach.^[1] With the number being only 81 short of 100,000, then-outgoing mayor Lois Frankel indicated the potential for challenging the tally, as having a population of at least 100,000 would entitle the metropolis to boosted grants.^[116] Additionally, the United States Census Agency estimated that the city had a population of 100,665 people on Apr 1, 2010. However, the urban center authorities obviously did not challenge the 99,919 population figure, as it remains in the official census records.^[1]

Although CityPlace revitalized downtown, it as well contributed to the demise of the Palm Beach Mall. After a significant decline in human foot traffic and tenants,^[117] likewise as failed attempts to lure big box stores such as Bass Pro and IKEA to the mall,^[118] it was demolished in 2013.^[119] Palm Embankment Outlets, designed and operated by New England Development, opened in February 2014 at the same location. The 460,000 sq ft (43,000 m²) outlet mall, comprising more than 100 stores, is anchored by Saks Fifth Avenue.^[120]

With the closure of the municipal stadium in 1997 (and its subsequent demolition in 2002), West Palm Beach had lost its ability to host spring training for a Major League Baseball.^[121] Even so, with the opening of the FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches in 2017, spring training returned to the city after a 20-year hiatus. The 6,500 seat stadium hosts the spring grooming events for the Houston Astros and Washington Nationals.^[122] In its countdown year, 55,881 people attended Astros grooming games. However, in 2018, omnipresence increased to 67,931 people as a upshot of the Astros' 2017 World Serial championship.^[123]

The high-speed railroad train Brightline opened its get-go two stations in Fort Lauderdale and Westward Palm Embankment in January 2018, with a Miami station opened in May of that yr.^[124] Brightline intends to offer loftier-speed train service from Miami to Orlando by 2022.^[125]

See also [edit]

• History of Florida
• History of Fort Lauderdale, Florida
• History of Miami
• History of Palm Beach County, Florida
• Miami metropolitan area

References [edit]

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Bibliography [edit]

• Jay Barnes (2007). Florida's Hurricane History . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN978-0-8078-3068-0.
• Eliot Kleinberg (2003). Black Cloud: The Bang-up Florida Tempest of 1928. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN978-0-7867-1146-8.
• Robert Mykle (June 23, 2006). Killer 'Cane: The Deadly Hurricane of 1928. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN1-4617-3370-seven.

External links [edit]

• City of W Palm Embankment official website
• Historical Society of Palm Beach County website

brophygovey1976.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_West_Palm_Beach,_Florida

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