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The Case for Single Child Families Norton Reader Summary

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Child without siblings

An only child is a person with no siblings, by nascence or adoption.

Children who have half-siblings, stride-siblings, or have never met their siblings, either living at the aforementioned business firm or at a different house - especially those who were born considerably later - may have a similar family environment to only-children, as may children who have much younger siblings from both of the same parents (generally ten or more years).

Overview [edit]

Throughout history, simply-children were relatively uncommon. From around the heart of the 20th century, birth rates and average family unit sizes fell sharply, for a number of reasons including increasing costs of raising children and more women having their first kid afterward in life. The proportion of families in the United States with only-children increased during the Great Depression but barbarous during the Post–World State of war II baby smash.[1] Subsequently the Korean War concluded in 1953, the South Korean government suggested citizens each take one or ii children to boost economic prosperity, which resulted in significantly reduced birth rates and a larger number of but-children to the country.[2] [3]

From 1979 to 2015, the one-child policy in the People's Democracy of China restricted nigh parents to having only one child, although it was subject to local relaxations and private circumstances (for case when twins were conceived).[four] [5] [half-dozen]

Families may take an only child for a variety of reasons, including: personal preference, family planning, financial and emotional or physical wellness issues, desire to travel, stress in the family, educational advantages, late marriage, stability, focus, fourth dimension constraints, fears over pregnancy, advanced age, illegitimate birth, infertility, divorce, and death of a sibling or parent. The premature death of one parent also contributed to a small per centum of marriages producing just i child until around the mid-20th century, non to mention the so-rare occurrence of divorce.

Only-children are sometimes said to exist more likely to develop precocious interests (from spending more fourth dimension with adults) and to feel lonely.[1] Sometimes they compensate for the aloneness past developing a stronger relationship with themselves[7] or developing an active fantasy life that includes imaginary friends. Children whose only siblings are much older than them sometimes report feeling like an only child.[8]

Stereotypes [edit]

In Western countries, only-children can be the subject of a stereotype that equates them with "spoiled brats". G. Stanley Hall was i of the first commentators to give only-children a bad reputation when he referred to their situation as "a affliction in itself". Even today, only-children are unremarkably stereotyped as "spoiled, selfish, and bratty".[9] While many only-children receive a lot of attention and resources for their development, it is not articulate that as a class they are overindulged or differ significantly from children with siblings.[ten] Susan Newman, a social psychologist at Rutgers University and the author of Parenting an Only Child, says that this is a myth. "People articulate that only children are spoiled, they're aggressive, they're bossy, they're solitary, they're maladjusted", she said. "There take been hundreds and hundreds of enquiry studies that prove that just children are no different from their peers."[ix] However, differences have been found. Research involving teacher ratings of U.S. children'due south social and interpersonal skills[xi] [12] has scored only-children lower in cocky-command and interpersonal skills. While a later study failed to find evidence this continued through middle and high school,[thirteen] [xiv] [15] a further study showed that deficits persisted until at least the fifth grade.[sixteen] Overall, about findings do not back up the negative view of merely-children, though there are differences. Simply-children have proven through many studies that they are smarter, more autonomous, more well-behaved, and more mature than their peers.[17]

In China, perceived behavioral bug in only-children have been chosen the Little Emperor Syndrome,[18] and the lack of siblings has been blamed for a number of social ills such as materialism and law-breaking. Still, recent studies practise non support these claims, and prove no pregnant differences in personality betwixt only-children and children in larger families.[nineteen] The i-child policy has also been speculated to exist the underlying cause of forced abortions, female infanticide, underreporting[20] of female births, and has been suggested as a possible cause behind China'due south increasing number of crimes and gender imbalance. Regardless, a 2008 survey given past the Pew Research Eye reports that 76% of the Chinese population supports the policy.[21]

The pop media often posit that it is more hard for only-children to cooperate in a conventional family environment, as they accept no competitors for the attention of their parents and other relatives. Information technology is suggested that confusion arises about the norms of ages and roles and that a like issue exists in agreement during relationships with other peers and youth, all throughout life.[22] Furthermore, it is believed that many experience that their parents place extra pressure level and expectations on the merely child, and that often, but-children are perfectionists.[23] Only-children are noted to have a tendency to mature faster.[24] Some psychologists believe in the "only child syndrome", though there is very little evidence to dorsum it upwards. "Only kid syndrome" is the idea that in adulthood, those who have had no siblings are more than likely to take less developed social skills and hating tendencies that have carried on from babyhood. Researchers that have debunked this belief attribute it to peer relationships every bit being a substitute for sibling relationships.[25] In fact, there is more evidence in favor of only children excelling over their peers.

Scientific research [edit]

A 1987 quantitative review[26] of 141 studies on sixteen different personality traits failed to support the stance, held by theorists including Alfred Adler, that only-children are more likely to be maladjusted due to pampering.[27] The study found no show of any greater prevalence of maladjustment in simply-children. The just statistically significant difference discovered was that only-children possessed a higher achievement motivation, which Denise Polit and Toni Falbo attributed to their greater share of parental resource, expectations, and scrutiny exposing them to a greater degree of reward, and greater likelihood of punishment for falling short. A second analysis by the authors revealed that only-children, children with only 1 sibling, and beginning-borns in general score higher on tests of exact ability than later-borns and children with multiple siblings.[28]

A large (northward=8,689) study found no prove for the idea that only children are more narcissistic than children with siblings.[29]

Toni Falbo & Denise Polit in their inquiry of only children, gathered 115 studies to accost information and evidence for personality, intelligence, adaptability, and relationships with peers and their parents. Co-ordinate to their findings, but-children surpassed all others in each category except for children who were in similar circumstances to them, such as first borns. Ane of their biggest findings was that the parent-child relationship was positively stronger compared to those children with siblings. Due to this human relationship being significantly present in an only child's life, it correlated to developmental outcomes, showing that only-children were not at a developmental disadvantage.[17]

According to the Resource Dilution Model,[xxx] parental resources (e.g. fourth dimension to read to the child) are important in development. Considering these resource are finite, children with many siblings are thought to receive fewer resources. However, the Confluence Model[31] suggests there is an opposing effect from the benefits to the non-youngest children of tutoring younger siblings, though being tutored does not make up the reduced share of parental resources. This provides one explanation for the poorer performance on tests of ability of only-children compared to first-borns, normally seen in the literature,[31] [32] though explanations such every bit the increased and earlier likelihood of experiencing parental separation or loss for last-built-in and merely children have as well been suggested, equally this may be the cause of their very status.[32]

In his book Maybe One,[33] the ecology apostle Bill McKibben argues in favor of a voluntary ane-kid policy on the grounds of climate modify and overpopulation. He reassures the reader with a narrative constructed from interviews with researchers and writers on but-children, combined with snippets from the research literature, that this would non exist harmful to child development. He argues that most cultural stereotypes are false, that there are non many differences between merely-children and other children, and where there are differences, they are favorable to the only child.

Well-nigh research on only-children has been quantitative and focused on the behavior of merely-children and on how others, for example teachers, assess that beliefs. Bernice Sorensen, in contrast, used qualitative methods in gild to elicit meaning and to find what just-children themselves sympathise, feel or sense about their lives that are lived without siblings. Her research showed that during their life bridge only children often become more aware of their only-child status and are very much affected by gild'southward stereotype of the only-child whether or not the stereotype is truthful or simulated. She argues in her book, Only Child Experience and Adulthood, that growing up in a predominantly sibling guild affects only-children and that their lack of sibling relationships can have an important effect on both the mode they run across themselves and others and how they collaborate with the world.[34]

The latest enquiry past Cameron et al. (2011) controls for endogeneity associated with beingness only-children. Parents that choose to have only 1 kid could differ systematically in their characteristics from parents who choose to accept more than one child. The newspaper concludes that "those who grew up as only children as a consequence of the (1-child) policy (in China) are found to be less trusting, less trustworthy, less likely to take risks, and less competitive than if they had had siblings. They are as well less optimistic, less careful, and more prone to neuroticism".[35] Furthermore, according to Professor Cameron, it was plant that "greater exposure to other children in childhood – for example, frequent interactions with cousins and/or attending childcare – was non a substitute for having siblings".[36]

In his volume Born to Rebel, Frank Sulloway provides evidence that birth order influences the development of the "large five personality traits" (also known as the V Gene Model). Sulloway suggests that firstborns and only-children are more conscientious, more socially ascendant, less agreeable, and less open up to new ideas compared to later-borns.[37] However, his conclusions take been challenged past other researchers,[38] who contend that birth order furnishings are weak and inconsistent. In one of the largest studies conducted on the effect of birth society on the Big Five, data from a national sample of 9,664 subjects found no association betwixt birth order and scores on the NEO PI-R personality test.[39] Similarly, a big report (north = eight,689) from 2020 did not notice any evidence for the hypothesis that only children are more egotistic than non-only children.[40]

See as well [edit]

  • Toll of raising a child
  • Multiple birth
  • Shidu (bereavement)
  • Single parent
  • Sole Survivor Policy
  • Ii-child policy

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "The Onlies". New York Magazine. May 21, 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  2. ^ "Korean Women Say Birth Control is 'Men'southward Responsibility'". Ecolocalizer.com. September 27, 2008. Archived from the original on Oct 2, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
  3. ^ "Illegal abortion, Republic of korea's open up clandestine". Reuters. January 27, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
  4. ^ Rocha da Silva, Pascal (2006). "La politique de l'enfant unique en République populaire de Chine" ("The politics of i child in the People's Commonwealth of China"). Université de Genève (Academy of Geneva). p. 22-8. (in French)
  5. ^ "Marriage of the But Child: Joys and Worries". china.org.cn. July 4, 2003. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  6. ^ "Mainland china's Ane-Child Policy". Time. July 27, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  7. ^ Sandler, Lauren (8 June 2013). "But Children: Solitary and Selfish?". The New York Times.
  8. ^ Bradford, Kelly Rose (5 Apr 2014). "I wish my son wasn't an just child". The Guardian.
  9. ^ a b The Only Child Myth, Past Juju Chang and Sara Holmberg, ABC News, Retrieved on August 25th, 2008.
  10. ^ "The Just Kid: Debunking the Myths". Fourth dimension. July viii, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  11. ^ Downey, Douglas B. & Condron, Dennis J. (2004), "Playing Well with Others in Kindergarten: The Do good of Siblings at Dwelling", Journal of Marriage and Family, 66 (two): 333–350, doi:ten.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00024.10
  12. ^ "So is an only child really happier?". Mirror. November xxx, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  13. ^ Bobbitt-Zeher, Donna & Downey, Douglas B. (2013), "Number of Siblings and Friendship Nominations Among Adolescents", Journal of Family Issues, 34 (9): 1175–1193, doi:ten.1177/0192513X12470370, S2CID 141158110
  14. ^ babble.com Archived 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Auto; "Only Children Plough Out Just Fine", Baronial xix, 2010. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
  15. ^ "Only Kid SYNDROME A MYTH". DiscoveryNews. August 16, 2010. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
  16. ^ Downey, Douglas B.; Condron, Dennis J. & Yucel, Deniz (2015), "Number of Siblings and Social Skills Revisited Among American Fifth Graders", Journal of Family Issues, 36 (2): 273–296, doi:10.1177/0192513X13507569, S2CID 145252784
  17. ^ a b Fabio, Toni; Polit, Denise (1986). "Quantitative Review of the Only Kid Literature. Research Prove and Theory Development". Psychological Message. 100 (2): 176–189. doi:x.1037/0033-2909.100.2.176.
  18. ^ "The Rise Of The Only Child". Newsweek. April 23, 2001. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
  19. ^ Wan, et al. "Comparison of personality traits of but and sibling school children in Beijing." Journal of Genetic Psychology 155.4: 377(12).
  20. ^ For studies that reported underreporting or delayed reporting of female births, encounter the post-obit:
    • M. G. Merli and A. E. Raftery. 1990. "Are births nether-reported in rural Communist china? Manipulation of statistical records in response to Cathay's population policies", Demography 37 (February): 109-126
    • Johansson, Sten; Nygren, Olga (1991). "The missing girls of China: a new demographic business relationship". Population and Evolution Review. Population Quango. 17 (1): 35–51. doi:10.2307/1972351. JSTOR 1972351.
    • Merli, M. Giovanna; Raftery, Adrian Due east. (2000). "Are births underreported in rural China?". Demography. 37 (one): 109–126. doi:10.2307/2648100. JSTOR 2648100. PMID 10748993.
  21. ^ "The Chinese Celebrate Their Roaring Economy, As They Struggle With Its Costs". 2008-07-22. Retrieved 2009-07-31 .
  22. ^ "10 Tips for Parenting Only Children". Parents. October 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  23. ^ "Surviving (Your Child's) Adolescence". Psychology Today. July nineteen, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  24. ^ "Raising an Only Child" Archived 2016-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. Parents.
  25. ^ Legg, T. J. (23 Oct 2019). "Merely Child Syndrome: Proven Reality or Long-Standing Myth?".
  26. ^ Polit, D. F. & Falbo, T. (1987), "Merely children and personality development: A quantitative review", Periodical of Marriage and the Family unit, 49 (2): 309–325, doi:x.2307/352302, JSTOR 352302 .
  27. ^ Adler, A. (1964). Bug of neurosis. New York: Harper and Row.
  28. ^ Polit, D. F. & Falbo, T. (1988), "The intellectual accomplishment of but children", Periodical of Biosocial Scientific discipline, xx (iii): 275–285, doi:ten.1017/S0021932000006611, PMID 3063715 .
  29. ^ Foster, Joshua D.; Raley, Jennifer R.; Isen, Joshua D. (2020-07-fifteen). "Further evidence that only children are non more narcissistic than individuals with siblings". Personality and Individual Differences. 161: 109977. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109977. ISSN 0191-8869. S2CID 216492755.
  30. ^ Downey, D. B. (2001), "Number of siblings and intellectual development: The resources dilution explanation", American Psychologist, 56 (6–7): 497–504, doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.6-7.497, PMID 11413873 .
  31. ^ a b Zajonc, R. B.; Markus, Gregory B. (1975), "Birth Order and Intellectual Development", Psychological Review, 82 (i): 74–88, doi:10.1037/h0076229 .
  32. ^ a b Falbo, Toni (1978), "Sibling Tutoring and Other Explanations for Intelligence Discontinuities of Only and Concluding Borns", Journal of Population, 1 (4): 349–363, doi:ten.1007/BF00972557, JSTOR 27507586, S2CID 143544441 .
  33. ^ McKibben, B. (1998), Maybe one: A personal and environmental argument for single-kid families, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN0-684-85281-0 .
  34. ^ Sorensen, B. (2008), Only Child Experience and Machismo, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 164–195, ISBN978-0-230-52101-8 .
  35. ^ Cameron, Lisa; Erkal, Northward.; Gangadharan, Fifty. & Meng, Xin (2011), Lilliputian Emperors—Behavioral Impacts of China's I-Child Policy (Academy of Melbourne) .
  36. ^ "Furnishings of People's republic of china'due south One Kid Policy on its children". Science Daily. January 10, 2013. Retrieved December ii, 2015.
  37. ^ Sulloway, F. J. (1996), Born to insubordinate: Birth guild, family unit dynamics and creative lives, New York: Pantheon Books, ISBN0-679-44232-4 .
  38. ^ Harris, J. R. (2006), No two akin: Human nature and human individuality, New York: WW Norton & Company, ISBN0-393-05948-0 .
  39. ^ Jefferson, T.; Herbst, J. H. & McCrae, R. R. (1998), "Associations betwixt nativity social club and personality traits: Bear witness from cocky-reports and observer ratings", Periodical of Research in Personality, 32 (4): 498–509, doi:10.1006/jrpe.1998.2233 .
  40. ^ Foster, Joshua D.; Raley, Jennifer R.; Isen, Joshua D. (2020-07-15). "Further evidence that but children are not more narcissistic than individuals with siblings". Personality and Individual Differences. 161: 109977. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109977. ISSN 0191-8869. S2CID 216492755.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_child

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